Carl Jung:
Carl Jung was an early supporter of Freud because of their shared interest in the unconscious. He was an active member of the the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society (formerly known as the Wednesday Psychological Society).When the International Psychoanalytical Association formed in 1910 Jung became president at the request of Freud.However in 1912 while on a lecture tour of America Jung publicly criticized Freud’s theory of the Oedipus complex and his emphasis on infantile sexuality. The following year this led to an irrevocable split between them and Jung went on to develop his own version of psychoanalytic theory.
(http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-jung.html)
Jung decided to study medicine, but also developed an interest in spiritual phenomena while in school. It was this fascination with medicine and spirituality that led him into the field of psychiatry, which he viewed as a combination of his two interests.In 1902, he completed his doctoral dissertation, titled "On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena" and graduated from University of Basel with a medical degree.Early in his career, Jung worked with psychiatric patients at the University of Zürich asylum. In 1906, he wrote Studies in Word Association and sent a copy to Sigmund Freud. The event served as the beginning of a friendship between the two men. When the two finally met in person in 1907, they reportedly spent more than 12 hours talking non-stop.
His time spent working with Sigmund Freud had a major impact on Jung’s later theories and helped him develop a fascination for the unconscious mind. Jung wanted to further understanding of the human mind through dreams, myth, art and philosophy. Initially, Freud viewed Jung as his protégé, but the friendship began to dissolve as Jung started to develop his own ideas that diverged from Freud's views.Eventually, Jung began to separate from Freudian theory, rejecting Freud's emphasis on sex as the sole source of behavior motivation. It was during this period of intense self-analysis that Jung became increasingly interested in dreams and symbols, later using what he learned during this time as the basis for his theories of psychology.
(https://www.verywell.com/carl-jung-biography-1875-1961-2795546)
Psyche
Like Freud (and Erikson) Jung regarded the psyche as made up of a number of separate but interacting systems. The three main ones were the ego, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.According to Jung, the ego represents the conscious mind as it comprises the thoughts, memories, and emotions a person is aware of. The ego is largely responsible for feelings of identity and continuity.Like Freud, Jung (1921, 1933) emphasized the importance of the unconscious in relation to personality. However, he proposed that the unconscious consists of two layers.
(http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-jung.html)
Jung believed the human psyche exists in three parts: the ego (the conscious mind), the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Jung believed the collective unconscious was a reservoir of all the experience and knowledge of the human species.Jung also believed that the process of individuation was essential in order for a person to become whole and fully developed as a human being. Individuation is a process in which the various parts of a person, including the conscious and unconscious, become completely integrated so that the individual becomes his or her "true self." "In general, it is the process by which individual beings are formed and differentiated [from other human beings]," Jung explained in Psychological Types. "In particular, it is the development of the psychological individual as a being distinct from the general, collective psychology."
(https://www.verywell.com/carl-jung-biography-1875-1961-2795546)
Consciousness
Consciousness and Becoming Conscious Consciousness is the divine light; it is the possibility of seeing oneself, and this means to me that it is the very basis of life.Consciousness is the transformation and the transformer of the primordial instinctual images.
(https://carljungdepthpsychology.wordpress.com/2014/11/20/carl-jung-on-consciousness-and-becoming-conscious-2/)
The Ego is additionally known as the self by Jung, according to (Jung, 1965) in (Maltby, Day, & Macaskill, 2010) as humans the ego is responsible for our feelings of identity. (Maltby, Day, & Macaskill, 2010) The ego holds memories from prior experiences relating to the thoughts and feelings in regards to individuals behaviors. The ego is quite akin to Freud’s meaning and has sense of self. Personal identity or ego developed around the age of four according to Jung (Friedman& Shustask, 2006).
http://carlgustavjung.wikispaces.com/The+ego,+the+Personal+and+the+Collective+Unconscious()
Personal unconscious
The first layer called the personal unconscious is essentially the same as Freud’s version of the unconscious. The personal unconscious contains temporality forgotten information and well as repressed memories. Jung (1933) outlined an important feature of the personal unconscious called complexes. A complex is a collection of thoughts, feelings, attitudes and memories that focus on a single concept.The more elements attached to the complex, the greater its influence on the individual. Jung also believed that the personal unconscious was much nearer the surface than Freud suggested and Jungian therapy is less concerned with repressed childhood experiences. It is the present and the future, which in his view was the key to both the analysis of neurosis and its treatment.
(http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-jung.html)
Collective unconscious
Jung believed the collective unconscious was a reservoir of all the experience and knowledge of the human species (https://www.verywell.com/carl-jung-biography-1875-1961-2795546)
However by far the most important difference between Jung and Freud is Jung’s notion of the collective (or transpersonal) unconscious. This is his most original and controversial contribution to personality theory. This is a level of unconscious shared with other members of the human species comprising latent memories from our ancestral and evolutionary past. ‘The form of the world into which [a person] is born is already inborn in him, as a virtual image’ (Jung, 1953, p. 188).According to Jung the human mind has innate characteristics “imprinted” on it as a result of evolution. These universal predispositions stem from our ancestral past.
(http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-jung.html)
Archetype
Archetypes (Jung, 1947) are images and thoughts which have universal meanings across cultures which may show up I dreams, literature, art or religion. Jung believes symbols from different cultures are often very similar because they have emerged from archetypes shared by the whole human race. For Jung, our primitive past becomes the basis of the human psyche, directing and influencing present behavior. Jung claimed to identify a large number of archetypes but paid special attention to four. (pesona/mask, animus, shadow,self)
Jung argues that these archetypes are products of the collective experience of men and women living together. However in modern Western civilization men are discouraged from living their feminine side and women from expressing masculine tendencies. For Jung the result was that the full psychological development both sexes was undermined.Together with the prevailing patriarchal culture of Western civilization this has led to the devaluation of feminine qualities altogether and the predominance of the persona (the mask) has elevated insincerity to a way of life which goes unquestioned by millions in their everyday life.
(http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-jung.html)
Jung and Religion
tend to treat religious beliefs and behaviors in a positive light, while offering psychological referents to traditional religious terms such as "soul", "evil", "transcendence", "the sacred", and "God". Because beliefs do not have to be true in order for people to hold them, the Jungian interpretation of religion has been, and continues to be, of interest to psychologists and theists. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_interpretation_of_religion)
Jung and Evil
When it [shadow] appears as an archetype…it is quite within the possibility for a man to recognize the relative evil of his nature, but it is a rare and shattering experience for him to gaze into the face of absolute evil.¹
(https://epages.wordpress.com/2011/10/25/throwing-light-on-the-shadow-carl-jungs-answer-to-evil/)
"It is a fact that cannot be denied: the wickedness of others becomes our own wickedness because it kindles something evil in our own hearts."
The word' happiness would lose its meaning if it were not balanced by sadness. (http://www.searchquotes.com/search/Carl_Jung_Evil/#ixzz4PwvEOADD)
